Honeybees protect their colony against vertebrates by mass stinging and they coordinate their actions during this crucial event thanks to an alarm pheromone carried directly on the stinger, which is therefore released upon stinging.The pheromone then recruits nearby bees so that more and more bees participate in the defence.However, a quantitative

The use of psychostimulants and alcohol disrupts blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, resulting in alterations to cellular function, and contributes to neurotoxicity.The BBB is the critical boundary of the central nervous system (CNS) where it maintains intracellular homeostasis and facilitates communication with the peripheral circulation.The BBB

Acetaldehyde (ACD) is the first metabolite TEA TREE CASTILE OIL of ethanol.Although, the role of ACD in ethanol addiction has been controversial, there are data showing a relationship.The objective of the current study was further to test the hypothesis that ACD itself is reinforcing.For this reason, we carried out a study on operant oral ACD self-

Here we describe seven new species of Limnophora from Ecuador: Limnophora bifasciata sp.nov.from Napo, Quito; Limnophora equatoriensis sp.nov.from Zamora-Chinchipe, Zamora; Limnophora femurosetalis sp.nov.from Zamora-Chinchipe, Zamora; Limnophora lamasi sp.nov.from Zamora-Chinchipe, Zamora; Limnophora longivittata sp.nov.from Napo, Quito; Limnophor